
Research
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Filters to only view publications from a particular program:
Ukraine’s Gas Pipelines: an Opportunity to Reflect on Europe’s Energy Politics
The expiration of the Russia-Ukraine gas transit deal—which will cut Russian gas flow to Europe by 30%, from an already reduced 35% of 2021 levels—underscores Europe's structural and political challenges in fully eliminating reliance on Russian energy.
Europe’s Incomplete Decoupling from Russian Gas: Sanctions, Shadow Fleets, and Third-Party Deals
Despite sanctions and efforts to diversify energy sources, Europe has not fully decoupled from Russian gas. Indirect purchases through third-party countries, long-term contracts, and Russia's shadow fleet enable Russian energy to continue flowing into Europe via complex, covert channels.